durable compact cameras 2027

7 Best Tough Compact Cameras for 2027

As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. This post contains affiliate links. Which means I may earn a small commission when make a purchase through my links, at no additional cost to you.

If you’re on the hunt for a tough compact camera that can handle rough conditions and still deliver sharp, clear images, you’re in the right place. Rugged cameras are perfect for outdoor adventures, whether you’re hiking, diving, or just exploring. They offer durability features like waterproofing, shockproofing, and more, so you don’t have to worry about your gear getting damaged.

The KODAK PIXPRO WPZ2, OM SYSTEM Olympus Tough TG-7, and Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS25K are solid picks if you want something reliable. Each of these cameras comes with waterproofing and shockproofing, plus good zoom options to capture those far-off moments.

If extra toughness is your thing, check out the PENTAX WG-1000 and Pentax Optio WG-2 GPS. They add cold and crush proofing for even more durability.

For versatile adventure shooting, the KODAK PIXPRO P1 and Panasonic Lumix DMC-FT5 also excel. Take a closer look to find the perfect fit for your needs!

Image Name Editor's Rating Price
★★★★★
★★★★★
5 out of 5
★★★★★
★★★★★
5 out of 5
★★★★★
★★★★★
4.5 out of 5
★★★★★
★★★★★
4 out of 5
★★★★★
★★★★★
4 out of 5

KODAK PIXPRO WPZ2 16MP Waterproof Digital Camera, 15m, 4X Zoom, Yellow

KODAK PIXPRO WPZ2 16MP Waterproof Digital Camera, 15m, 4X Zoom, Yellow | 1080p...
  • Waterproof to 15m (49ft): Rated for up to 1 hour at 15m, shockproof from 2m, and dustproof for snorkeling, swimming...
  • Seal It Before Every Swim: Check the rubber gasket for damage or debris, then close and lock the battery cover; never...
  • 16MP Sensor, 4X Optical Zoom: BSI CMOS sensor captures detailed, vibrant photos above and below the surface from a 27mm...

Experience adventure photography without limits with the KODAK PIXPRO WPZ2, a rugged camera designed to perform both underwater and on land. Its waterproof capability up to 15 meters means you can dive deep and capture vibrant images without worrying about water damage. Shockproof from 2-meter drops, this camera stands up to rough handling in active environments.

Equipped with a 16MP BSI CMOS sensor and 4X optical zoom, it delivers clear, detailed photos from wide-angle to telephoto perspectives. The 2.7-inch LCD screen makes framing shots straightforward, while Full HD 1080p video lets you document your adventures with smooth, high-quality footage.

Digital image stabilization helps reduce blur, though it may not match optical stabilization in challenging light or fast motion. To maintain its waterproof reliability, regular rinsing and gasket inspections are essential after each use. This care ensures lasting performance in diverse conditions.

With built-in Wi-Fi, transferring photos or remotely controlling the camera via a smartphone becomes hassle-free. The KODAK PIXPRO WPZ2 is engineered for those who need a durable, versatile camera to capture life’s most exciting moments wherever they go.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventure seekers needing a tough, waterproof camera for high-quality photos and videos in rugged settings.

What We Like:

  • Waterproof up to 15m and shockproof from 2m drops for reliable durability
  • 16MP BSI CMOS sensor with 4X optical zoom and Full HD 1080p video
  • Built-in Wi-Fi for easy photo transfer and remote shooting
  • Compact 2.7-inch LCD for quick and easy shot framing

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer KODAK
Sensor 16MP BSI CMOS
Optical Zoom 4X
Video Resolution Full HD 1080p
LCD Screen Size 2.7 inches
Waterproof Depth Up to 15 meters
Shockproof Height Up to 2 meters
Color Yellow

OM SYSTEM Olympus Tough TG-7 Waterproof Camera

Sale
OM SYSTEM Olympus Tough TG-7 Black Underwater Camera, Waterproof, Freeze Proof...
  • Waterproof 15 meters (50 feet), Dustproof, Shockproof 2.1 meters (7 feet), Crushproof 100 kilogram-force...
  • High resolution F2.0 lens, maximum 4x zoom, true pic VIII, back illuminated CMOS image sensor
  • Variable macro system comprised of 4 macro modes, magnified capturing up to 1 centimeter from the end of the lens

The OM SYSTEM Olympus Tough TG-7 is built to perform in tough environments. Its rugged design lets you capture sharp, vibrant images even in harsh conditions. Whether underwater or in freezing temperatures, this camera keeps working without a hitch.

With a 12 MP back-illuminated CMOS sensor and a bright F2.0-F4.9 lens, the TG-7 delivers clear photos with 4x optical zoom. This makes it easy to get detailed shots no matter where you are. Its compact size fits comfortably in your hand, though some may find it less ergonomic compared to larger models.

Maintenance is simple thanks to its durable waterproof and shockproof construction. You can rinse it after exposure to saltwater or dust without worrying about damage. The camera is crushproof up to 100 kg and freezeproof to -10 °C, ideal for adventurous use.

The TG-7 supports 4K video recording at 120 fps and offers 44x macro modes to explore creative photography. Wireless connectivity adds convenience for quick sharing. However, the maximum shutter speed of 1/2000 seconds might limit some fast-action shots, and manual controls could be challenging for beginners.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and amateur photographers needing a versatile, rugged camera for extreme environments.

What We Like:

  • Durable and waterproof design for harsh conditions
  • High-quality 12 MP sensor with bright lens and zoom
  • 4K video at 120 fps and extensive macro modes
  • Easy maintenance with robust, protective build

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer OM SYSTEM Olympus
Dimensions Compact, ultracompact form factor
Weight Lightweight
Sensor 12 MP back-illuminated CMOS
Lens F2.0-F4.9, 4x optical zoom
Waterproof Depth Up to 15 meters
Shockproof Height Up to 2.1 meters
Crushproof Load Up to 100 kg
Freezeproof Temp Down to -10 °C

Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS25K Tough Digital Camera

Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS25K 16.1 MP Tough Digital Camera with 8X Intelligent Zoom...
  • Focus adjustment : auto
  • Exposure type : auto
  • Camera type: compact camera

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS25K is designed to keep up with your most demanding outdoor activities. Its rugged build ensures it handles water, shock, dust, and cold without compromising performance. This makes it a dependable choice for those who need a camera that won’t quit in harsh conditions.

With a 16.1 MP sensor and 8X Intelligent Zoom, this compact camera captures detailed images from a distance. The 4x optical zoom enhances framing flexibility, while electronic image stabilization helps keep photos steady during action-packed moments. Face detection autofocus further improves sharpness, making your shots crisp every time.

Maintenance is straightforward due to its tough exterior and sealed design. You can clean it easily after outdoor use without worrying about damaging sensitive parts. The 2.7-inch LCD screen offers decent visibility for reviewing shots quickly, though it has a modest resolution.

The camera records HD 720p video, suitable for casual use but not for those seeking ultra-high definition. Its fixed aperture of f/5.7 may limit low-light performance, so additional lighting might be necessary in dim environments.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventurers needing a durable, waterproof compact camera to capture reliable photos and videos in extreme conditions.

What We Like:

  • Durable, waterproof, shock-proof, freeze-proof, and dust-proof design
  • 16.1 MP sensor with 8X Intelligent Zoom for versatile shooting
  • Electronic image stabilization and face detection autofocus for sharp images

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer Panasonic
Dimensions Compact size (exact not specified)
Weight Lightweight (not specified)
Color Options Black
Waterproof Depth Up to 23 feet (7 meters)
Shock Resistance From 5 feet (1.5 meters)
Freeze Resistance Down to 14°F (-10°C)
LCD Screen Size 2.7 inches
Video Resolution HD 720p

PENTAX WG-1000 Waterproof Outdoor Compact Camera

PENTAX WG-1000 Olive Waterproof Digital Compact Camera, Designed for Casual...
  • Dependable all-weather body, designed to be waterproof down to a depth of 15 meters, for up to one hour of continuous...
  • Dustproof against dirt and stains. Shockproof against a fall from a height of two meters.
  • Sharp, clear, high-resolution images, even at a super-high sensitivity of ISO 3200.

Experience the freedom to explore with the PENTAX WG-1000, a rugged waterproof camera designed for outdoor adventurers. Its robust build allows you to dive up to 15 meters and withstand drops from 2 meters, making it ideal for capturing moments in challenging environments. This camera solves the problem of fragile gear by offering reliable performance where others fail.

Equipped with a 16 MP CMOS sensor and 4X optical zoom, the WG-1000 delivers sharp, clear images. The hybrid autofocus ensures your shots stay focused, even during fast action or underwater scenes. Multiple color modes, including underwater and manual settings, let you customize your photography to suit different conditions and creative preferences.

The compact, lightweight design features a 2.7-inch high-resolution LCD, balancing portability with clear image review. Digital image stabilization reduces blur, helping you get steady shots without additional equipment. Maintenance is straightforward thanks to its durable, waterproof housing, which protects internal components from moisture and dust.

Connectivity options include USB and SD card compatibility, simplifying data transfer and storage. Although the camera lacks wireless features and has a limited 1/1000-second shutter speed, it remains versatile for most outdoor and casual photography needs.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and novice photographers needing a durable waterproof camera with versatile shooting modes and easy handling.

What We Like:

  • Waterproof up to 15 meters and shockproof from 2-meter drops for rugged use
  • Sharp 16 MP sensor with 4X optical zoom and hybrid autofocus
  • Multiple shooting modes including underwater and manual settings
  • Compact and lightweight with digital image stabilization
  • Easy maintenance with durable waterproof housing

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer PENTAX
Dimensions Compact (exact size not specified)
Weight Lightweight (exact weight not specified)
Sensor 16 MP CMOS
Zoom 4X Optical
Waterproof Depth Up to 15 meters
Shockproof Height Up to 2 meters
Display Size 2.7 inches (LCD)
Connectivity USB, SD Card

KODAK PIXPRO P1 13MP Waterproof Digital Camera, Black

KODAK PIXPRO P1 13MP Waterproof Digital Camera, Black | Waterproof Shockproof...
  • Waterproof Adventure Camera: 16ft waterproof, 3ft shockproof, and dustproof for pool, beach, snorkeling, and everyday...
  • 13MP Sensor: Captures detailed photos with a BSI CMOS sensor and a bright f/2.0 fixed wide angle lens
  • Flip Screen: 2.8in LCD screen tilts 180 degrees for selfies, vlogs, and group shots

The KODAK PIXPRO P1 is built to handle tough environments with ease. Its waterproof design up to 16 feet and IP68 dustproof rating ensure reliable performance underwater and in dusty locations. This camera lets you focus on capturing moments, not worrying about harsh conditions.

With a 13MP BSI CMOS sensor and a fixed 26mm f/2.0 lens, the P1 delivers clear, sharp images. The 2.8-inch LCD screen tilts 180 degrees, making it simple to frame selfies or vlog with confidence. The built-in 3-color ring light enhances your shots in low light, improving your creative options.

Maintenance is straightforward thanks to its USB-C rechargeable battery. While the battery cannot be removed, its lightweight design makes it easy to carry on adventures. The camera supports microSD cards for expandable storage, so you can keep shooting without hassle.

Video capabilities include smooth 1080p recording at 60fps, perfect for capturing action scenes. Although the fixed lens limits zoom flexibility, the 4x digital zoom helps get closer to subjects when needed. The compact screen may be small for detailed review but is optimized for ease of use in the field.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventure seekers who need a rugged, waterproof camera capable of capturing high-quality photos and videos in challenging environments.

What We Like:

  • Waterproof and dustproof with IP68 rating, ideal for extreme conditions
  • 180-degree tilting LCD with built-in ring light for versatile shooting
  • High-quality 13MP sensor with smooth 1080p video at 60fps
  • USB-C rechargeable and lightweight for easy portability

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer Kodak
Sensor 13MP BSI CMOS
Lens Fixed 26mm f/2.0
Zoom 4x Digital Zoom
Screen Size 2.8 inches, tilting 180°
Waterproof Rating Up to 16 feet
Dustproof Rating IP68
Video Resolution 1080p at 60fps
Battery Built-in, USB-C rechargeable
Storage microSD supported
Weight Lightweight
Color Black

Panasonic Lumix DMC-FT5 Waterproof Digital Camera (Orange)

Panasonic Lumix DMC-FT5 Tough Shock & Waterproof Wi-Fi GPS Digital Camera...
  • Resolution: 16.1 Megapixel
  • Memory Type: Secure Digital (SD) Card
  • Optical Zoom: 4.6x

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-FT5 is built for those who need a camera tough enough to keep up with their active lifestyle. Its rugged design ensures it performs well underwater, surviving depths up to 43 feet, while also resisting shocks from drops as high as 6.5 feet. This camera’s durability means you can focus on capturing moments without worrying about damage.

Equipped with a 16.1 MP CMOS sensor and 4.6x optical zoom, the DMC-FT5 delivers sharp, clear images and smooth 1080p video even in challenging environments. The bright 3-inch LCD screen makes framing shots easy, whether underwater or outdoors. Built-in Wi-Fi adds convenience by letting you share your photos instantly.

Maintenance is straightforward since the camera’s waterproof and pressure-resistant body prevents dirt and moisture from causing harm. Its freeze-proof capability to 14°F also ensures reliable operation in colder conditions, expanding the range of environments where it excels.

While the autofocus system may be slower in low light and the digital zoom limited to 4x, these minor drawbacks do not diminish its strength as a dependable adventure camera. Overall, this model is designed to balance ruggedness with high-quality imaging.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventure seekers who need a durable, waterproof camera for capturing high-quality photos and videos in extreme conditions.

What We Like:

  • Waterproof up to 43 feet and shockproof from 6.5 feet for tough environments
  • High-resolution 16.1 MP sensor with 4.6x optical zoom and 1080p video
  • Clear 3-inch LCD screen and built-in Wi-Fi for easy preview and sharing
  • Freeze proof to 14°F and pressure-resistant up to 220 lbs for versatile use

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer Panasonic
Dimensions Not specified
Weight 16 oz (approx. 0.45 kg)
Material Rugged waterproof casing
Color Options Orange

Pentax Optio WG-2 GPS Waterproof Digital Camera

Pentax Optio WG-2 GPS Orange Adventure Series 16 MP Waterproof Digital Camera...
  • Pentax's 13th generation rugged, adventure proof camera with backlit 16MP CMOS sensor for superior quality and high res...
  • Waterproof to a depth of 40 feet, shock proof to 5 feet, cold proof to 14 degrees F, dustproof
  • Wide angle internal optical zoom (28-140mm equivalent)

The Pentax Optio WG-2 GPS stands out with its rugged design built for tough environments. It tackles extreme conditions with ease, allowing you to focus on capturing moments rather than worrying about your camera. Its waterproof capability up to 40 feet and shockproof durability from 5-foot drops ensure reliable use in wet and rough outdoor settings.

This camera also handles cold temperatures down to 14°F and resists dust and crushing forces up to 100 KG. These features make it an ideal companion for hiking, diving, or any adventure where equipment reliability is critical. Its robust construction minimizes maintenance concerns often faced with delicate devices.

Equipped with a 16 MP backlit CMOS sensor and 5x optical zoom, the Optio WG-2 GPS delivers clear, sharp images even in challenging lighting. Full HD 1080p video recording captures your adventures in crisp detail. The 3-inch LCD screen allows easy framing, although its 480×320 resolution may limit preview clarity.

GPS tracking adds valuable location data to your photos, helping organize and share your travels. Wireless connectivity and compatibility with SD cards up to 64 GB provide flexible storage and transfer options. Keep in mind the limited 88.2 MB internal storage and digital zoom up to 7.2x can affect image quality compared to optical zoom.

Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventure photographers who need a durable, waterproof camera capable of capturing high-quality images and videos in extreme conditions.

What We Like:

  • Rugged, waterproof, shockproof, crush-proof, cold-proof, and dust-proof design
  • 16 MP backlit CMOS sensor with 5x optical zoom and Full HD 1080p video
  • GPS tracking for location tagging and wireless connectivity for easy sharing

Specification:

Feature Details
Manufacturer Pentax
Dimensions Not specified
Weight Not specified
Sensor 16 MP backlit CMOS
Optical Zoom 5x
Video Full HD 1080p
LCD Screen 3 inches, 480×320 pixels
Waterproof Depth Up to 40 feet (12 m)
Shockproof Height 5 feet (1.5 m)
Crushproof Force 100 KG
Cold-proof Temp 14°F (-10°C)
Storage Support SD cards up to 64 GB

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Tough Compact Camera

When picking a tough compact camera, you’ll want to check its waterproof depth rating and shockproof durability to match your adventures. Don’t forget to take into account image quality, zoom range, and how long the battery lasts on a single charge.

These features will guarantee your camera performs well in any situation. So, think about what matters most to you and your style of exploring before making a choice.

Waterproof Depth Ratings

Since waterproof depth ratings determine how deep you can safely take your camera underwater, they’re an essential factor when choosing a tough compact model. Most cameras offer ratings from 5 meters (16 feet) up to 15 meters (49 feet).

If you plan on snorkeling or shallow diving, a 15-meter rating gives you the versatility you need. Remember, these ratings usually indicate the maximum depth and duration—often up to one hour—your camera can handle without damage.

Many models also resist freezing temperatures, letting you shoot in cold environments. To keep your camera’s waterproof seal intact, always follow the manufacturer’s maintenance advice, like rinsing it after saltwater use.

Checking these details guarantees your camera stays reliable wherever you go underwater. It’s all about making sure you get the best shots without any worries!

Shockproof Durability Levels

Tough compact cameras often boast shockproof durability ratings based on the maximum height they can survive when dropped, typically ranging from 1 meter (3.3 feet) to over 2.1 meters (7 feet). When choosing a camera, consider how high it can fall without damage, especially if you’re into extreme sports or rugged adventures.

Some models can even withstand pressures up to 100 kg (220 lbs), protecting against crushing impacts. Look for features like rubberized casings and reinforced structures, which add extra protection against shocks.

Prioritizing these durability levels guarantees your camera stays functional after accidental drops or bumps, giving you peace of mind during outdoor activities. Think about how you’ll use the camera and pick a shockproof rating that matches your adventure’s demands.

Image Quality Features

Although durability is essential, image quality features play an equally important role when choosing a tough compact camera. You’ll want to evaluate sensor resolution first—cameras typically offer between 12 MP and 16 MP, impacting the detail your photos capture.

Look for versatile shooting modes like Auto, Manual, and specialized underwater settings to adapt to different environments. While optical zoom ranges from 4X to 5X, it maintains image clarity better than digital zoom, but we’ll discuss zoom more in the next section.

Video quality matters too; many models support Full HD or 4K recording, so you can capture sharp videos. Finally, image stabilization—either optical or digital—helps reduce blurriness from shakes, ensuring your photos and videos come out clear even in rugged conditions.

Zoom Capabilities Range

When choosing a compact camera built for durability, you’ll find that zoom capabilities typically range from 4x to 8x optical zoom. This lets you capture distant subjects clearly without sacrificing image quality.

Optical zoom uses the lens to maintain sharpness, unlike digital zoom, which can degrade quality. Look for models with wide-angle lenses starting around 25mm, perfect for landscapes or group shots.

Cameras with advanced autofocus systems featuring multiple focus points help you lock onto subjects quickly, especially when zoomed in. Some tough compacts also offer continuous shooting at various frame rates, making it easier to capture moving subjects without blur.

Considering these zoom features guarantees you get versatile shots, whether close-up or far away, without compromising clarity or focus.

Battery Life Expectancy

Battery life can make or break your experience with a compact camera designed for durability. Tough compact cameras vary widely in battery performance—some offer up to 260 minutes of recording time, while others may run shorter depending on how you use them.

Factors like video resolution, continuous shooting, and Wi-Fi activity drain power faster. Many models use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that take about four hours to fully charge initially.

Look for power-saving modes that extend battery life when you’re not actively shooting. Also, consider charging convenience: some cameras support USB charging, making it easier to recharge on the go.

Balancing battery life with your shooting habits guarantees your camera keeps up with you during all your adventures.

Connectivity Options Available

Keeping your camera powered up is important, but staying connected can be just as essential for sharing your adventures quickly and easily. Many tough compact cameras come with built-in Wi-Fi, letting you transfer photos to your smartphone or tablet without hassle.

Bluetooth is another handy feature, enabling remote control and quick image transfers while saving battery life. USB ports, including micro USB or USB-C, allow fast charging and data transfer.

You’ll also find compatibility with external storage like SDXC cards, so you can expand your memory for high-res images. Some models even offer HDMI outputs, letting you connect directly to TVs or monitors for instant viewing.

Choosing a camera with these connectivity options guarantees you stay linked to your devices wherever you go. It’s all about making your photography experience smoother and more fun!

Video Recording Specifications

Choosing the right tough compact camera means paying close attention to its video recording specifications. You’ll want a camera that shoots in high resolutions like Full HD 1080p or 4K for crisp, detailed footage.

Look for frame rates of 60 fps or higher to capture smooth action scenes without choppiness. Advanced features such as high-speed recording and multiple shooting modes give you creative flexibility when filming.

Don’t forget image stabilization—it’s essential for reducing blur and shake, especially in rough conditions. Also, check if the camera supports Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, enabling easy video sharing and remote control.

Prioritizing these specs guarantees your tough compact camera captures high-quality, stable videos wherever your adventures take you.

Size And Weight

After ensuring your tough compact camera meets your video needs, you’ll want to evaluate its size and weight. These cameras range from about 4.77 ounces to 16 ounces, so consider how much you’re willing to carry during activities like hiking or diving.

A lighter camera reduces fatigue, making it easier to handle for extended periods. Size-wise, they typically measure from 0.89 inches deep to 4.15 inches wide. This means some models can fit comfortably in pockets or small bags.

Look for a balance between portability and durability. A compact design often includes helpful features like a tilting screen without adding bulk.

Ultimately, choose a camera that stays practical for your active lifestyle without compromising toughness.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Do Tough Compact Cameras Perform in Extreme Cold Temperatures?

Tough compact cameras perform well in extreme cold temperatures because they’re built with durable materials and sealed designs. You won’t worry about freezing conditions affecting your shots or camera function during your outdoor adventures.

It’s pretty reassuring to know your gear can handle the cold, right? So, you can focus on capturing those amazing moments without any stress.

Can These Cameras Connect to Smartphones via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi?

You’ll find many tough compact cameras connect to your smartphone via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, letting you instantly share photos.

It’s no coincidence that convenience and durability team up perfectly for your adventures.

What Are the Battery Life Expectations for Each Camera Model?

You can expect around 300 to 450 shots per charge, depending on the model. Some cameras offer quick charging and USB power, so you won’t get stuck without juice during your adventures or shoots.

That means you can keep going without worrying too much about running out of battery. It’s pretty handy when you’re out and about all day!

Are Replacement Parts and Accessories Readily Available for These Cameras?

Yes, you’ll find replacement parts and accessories readily available for most models. Manufacturers and third-party sellers offer batteries, lenses, and protective gear.

This means you can keep your camera functioning and protected without hassle or long wait times. It’s pretty convenient when you need something quickly!

Do Any of These Cameras Offer 4K Video Recording Capabilities?

You’ll capture stunning 4K videos with many of these cameras, letting you relive adventures in vivid detail. They don’t just take photos—they record cinematic moments.

It’s perfect for sharing your toughest, most exciting experiences effortlessly. You’ll love how easy it is to show off those memories.

Conclusion

Choosing the perfect tough compact camera for your adventures doesn’t have to feel like searching for a needle in a haystack. Whether you’re diving deep or hiking rugged trails, these cameras have your back with durability and quality.

Trust me, with one of these in your hands, you’ll capture moments so stunning they’ll make your friends think you’ve got a magic camera.

So, pick your favorite and get ready to shoot like a pro! Tough compact cameras are designed to withstand the elements, making them ideal for any adventure. With excellent image quality and rugged build, these cameras ensure you never miss a shot, no matter where you go.

Ready to explore? Grab one of these tough compact cameras and start creating unforgettable memories today!

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *